tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8724799688895130482024-02-08T10:19:05.856-08:00Seven main threats for the future linked to prionsTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-872479968889513048.post-6271382263224739922010-08-14T13:52:00.000-07:002023-01-30T14:09:29.966-08:00BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div>BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation </div><div><br /></div><div>Ju¨ rgen A. Richt1¤*, S. Mark Hall2 1 National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America, 2 National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Pathobiology Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America </div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract </div><div><br /></div><div>Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of cattle and was first detected in 1986 in the United Kingdom. It is the most likely cause of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. The origin of BSE remains an enigma. Here we report an H-type BSE case associated with the novel mutation E211K within the prion protein gene (Prnp). Sequence analysis revealed that the animal with H-type BSE was heterozygous at Prnp nucleotides 631 through 633. An identical pathogenic mutation at the homologous codon position (E200K) in the human Prnp has been described as the most common cause of genetic CJD. This finding represents the first report of a confirmed case of BSE with a potential pathogenic mutation within the bovine Prnp gene. A recent epidemiological study revealed that the K211 allele was not detected in 6062 cattle from commercial beef processing plants and 42 cattle breeds, indicating an extremely low prevalence of the E211K variant (less than 1 in 2000) in cattle. </div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Richt JA, Hall SM (2008) BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation. PLoS Pathog 4(9): e1000156. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000156 Editor: David Westaway, University of Alberta, Canada </div><div><br /></div><div>Received June 5, 2008; Accepted August 15, 2008; Published September 12, 2008 </div><div><br /></div><div>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. Funding: This work was supported by the USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center (NADC) and USDA-APHIS-National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) and by the NIAID-NIH PO1 AI 77774-01 ‘‘Pathogenesis, Transmission and Detection of Zoonotic Prion Diseases’’. </div><div><br /></div><div>Competing Interests: Patent pending: Dr. Ju¨ rgen A. Richt submitted a patent application entitled ‘‘Novel Polymorphism in Bovine Prion Protein Gene Sequence’’ (Docket Number 0078.06; Serial No. 11/787,784) on April 18, 2006. </div><div><br /></div><div>* E-mail: jricht@vet.k-state.edu </div><div><br /></div><div>¤ Current address: Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, DM/P, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America </div><div><br /></div><div>Author Summary </div><div><br /></div><div>Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or Mad Cow Disease), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) or prion disease of cattle, was first discovered in the United Kingdom in 1986. BSE is most likely the cause of a human prion disease known as variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (vCJD). In this study, we identified a novel mutation in the bovine prion protein gene (Prnp), called E211K, of a confirmed BSE positive cow from Alabama, United States of America. This mutation is identical to the E200K pathogenic mutation found in humans with a genetic form of CJD. This finding represents the first report of a confirmed case of BSE with a potential pathogenic mutation within the bovine Prnp gene. We hypothesize that the bovine Prnp E211K mutation most likely has caused BSE in ‘‘the approximately 10-year-old cow’’ carrying the E221K mutation.</div><div><br /></div><div>Introduction</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents induce fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and in some mammalian species [1]. According to the prion-only hypothesis, infectious prions are composed of an abnormal isoform of a hostencoded glycoprotein, called prion protein (PrPc). The diseaseassociated form, PrPd, is derived from PrPc by a post-translational mechanism that involves conformational change [1]. Human TSEs include Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann– Stra¨ussler–Scheinker syndrome, Kuru and Fatal Familial Insomnia [1]. In animals, several distinct TSE diseases are recognized: Scrapie in sheep and goats, transmissible mink encephalopathy in mink, chronic wasting disease in cervids, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle [2]. BSE was first detected in 1986 in the United Kingdom and is the most likely cause of variant CJD (vCJD) in humans. The origin of the original case(s) of BSE still remains an enigma. Hypotheses include (i) sheep- or goat-derived scrapie-infected tissues included in meat and bone meal fed to cattle, (ii) a previously undetected sporadic or genetic bovine TSE contaminating cattle feed or (iii) origination from a human TSE through animal feed contaminated with human remains [3]. This study will provide support to the hypothesis that BSE originated from a previously undetected genetic bovine TSE contaminating cattle feed in the U.K. </div><div><br /></div><div>Results </div><div><br /></div><div>Here we report a case of bovine BSE associated with a mutation within the prion protein gene (Prnp) sequence, not previously described for the bovine Prnp. The animal (called ‘‘U.S. BSE Alabama’’) was an approximately 10 year-old red crossbred (Bos indicus6Bos taurus) hybrid beef cow from Alabama (see Materials and Methods). The ELISA-based BSE test (see Materials and Methods) on brainstem from this animal was repeated five times and revealed a strongly positive reaction with mean optical density (OD) value of 2.4060.57, whereas the OD value of bovine control obex was ,0.04. </div><div><br /></div><div>Confirmatory BSE tests employing Western Blot (WB) and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses for presence of PrPd were subsequently performed (see Materials and Methods). Immunoblots (Figure 1A) revealed (i) presence of PrPd and (ii) intensity of reaction with antibody P4 similar as with antibody 6H4 at identical milligram equivalent amounts. This reaction pattern was described as being unusual or atypical for BSE [4]. Molecular weight analysis revealed unglycosylated and monoglycosylated isoforms of PrPd migrated with an apparent molecular weight higher than respective isoforms of classical or C-type BSE isolates (Figure 1A). A similar migration pattern was observed for the U.S. BSE 2004 isolate, an H-type BSE isolate [4]. Obvious lesions of spongiform encephalopathy diagnostic for BSE were not present in the brainstem, however it was positive for the presence of PrPd by IHC (Figure 1B). Distribution of PrPd in the brainstem of this animal was not as uniform or as intense as seen with the C-type U.S. BSE case from 2003 (Figure 1C) [4]. We concluded from these studies, that this animal contracted an H-type BSE phenotype. Recent work on the molecular characterization of cattle PrPd has allowed to define criteria for the identification of atypical BSE cases in cattle, which showed molecular features of the PrPd distinct from the majority of cattle with C-type BSE [4– 6]. There have been two molecular types of unusual BSE isolates described in the literature [5,6]: (i) a type with a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated isoform (L-type) and (ii) a type with higher molecular mass of the unglycosylated isoform (H-type) when compared to C-type of BSE. </div><div><br /></div><div>In order to confirm the specimen from this case was of cattle origin and to determine whether the case was associated with a Prnp mutation, the full coding sequence from exon 3 of the Prnp was amplified from DNA isolated from fresh brainstem material (see Materials and Methods) and aligned with known Prnp sequences from cattle, sheep and cervids (Figure 2A,B). The Prnp DNA sequence of this animal is of bovine origin, different from sheep and cervid Prnp sequences (Figure 2A). The sequence was heterozygous on two positions: a synonymous polymorphism on codon 78 (CAA/CAG; Q78Q) and a non-synonymous polymorphism on codon 211 (GAA/AAA; E211K; Figure 2A,B; Table 1). The animal had six copies of the octapeptide repeat region on both of its Prnp alleles (Figure 2A,B). The finding of the E211K mutation is of significant interest because an identical mutation, E200K, at the homologous codon 200 position in human Prnp (Figure 1D) has been described as the most common mutation in humans with genetic CJD [7]. </div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion </div><div><br /></div><div>Our results demonstrate for the first time a potential pathogenic mutation (E211K) within the Prnp gene of a bovine with an H-type BSE phenotype at a position representing the most common mutation in humans (E200K) associated with genetic TSEs [7]. This mutation was not found in the Prnp gene of other North American (1 H-type U.S.; 1 H-type and 1 L-type Canadian) and European (7 H-type and 3 L-type cases) cattle [8] and a miniature zebu (H-type) [9] with atypical BSE phenotypes. The functional significance of this finding, however, remains unknown. Importantly, the penetrance of the E200K mutation in humans is very high [7,10]. The origin of atypical BSE cases still remains unexplained. Several hypotheses have been considered including the existence of a previously unrecognized ‘‘sporadic’’ form of a TSE in this species. The detection of the E211K Prnp mutation, known to be pathogenic in humans, in a 10 year old hybrid cow (Bos indicus6Bos taurus) with H-type BSE could provide additional support to the following hypotheses: (i) that U.K. BSE has been acquired from a genetic case or cases of cattle BSE, (ii) that all three etiological forms of human TSEs (sporadic, genetic and infectious) are also present in cattle, and (iii) that BSE started on the Indian subcontinent. However, more data are required to support these hypotheses. It is well known, that large amounts of mammalian protein material were imported from India to the U.K. during the relevant time period (late 1970s and early 1980s) [3]. Therefore it could be speculated that one possible route of contamination of U.K. cattle with BSE was through animal feed containing imported meat and bone meal material contaminated with a case or cases of genetic BSE. </div><div><br /></div><div>Epidemiological investigations conducted by USDA personnel failed to reveal any evidence of a feed source contaminated with TSE material fed to this animal (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/ hot_issues/bse/downloads/EPI_Final5-2-06.pdf). There are several possibilities for the origin of the Prnp K211 allele in animal B14842: (i) it arose de novo in a germ line cell from the U.S. BSE Alabama animal or one of its parents; (ii) it arose as a somatic mutation in the U.S. BSE Alabama animal (rather unlikely), and (iii) it is present in a cattle population or breed yet to be found. Recently, it was determined that the 2-year-old heifer offspring of the U.S. BSE Alabama cow also carries the E211K polymorphism, indicating that the allele is heritable and may persist within the cattle population (11) In a recent epidemiological study which included 6062 cattle from 5 commercial beef processing plants (3892 carcasses) and 2170 registered cattle from 42 breeds., the K211 allele was not detected using a newly developed mass spectrometry assay specific for the E211K variant [12]. These data indicate a rather low prevalence of the E211K variant of less than 1 in 2000 cattle when using Bayesian analysis [12]. This newly developed assay system for K211 [12] will offer the possibility for genetic surveillance of cattle for rare pathogenic mutations that may be associated with BSE. </div><div><br /></div><div>Materials and Methods </div><div><br /></div><div>Animals </div><div><br /></div><div>The animal B14842 (called U.S. BSE Alabama case), approximately 10 years old as determined by dentition, was a red crossbred (Bos indicus6Bos taurus) hybrid beef cow found in lateral recumbency on a farm in Alabama. She was euthanized by the attending veterinarian, the brainstem removed for BSE testing and shipped to the Georgia Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, where it was found to be positive by a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based BSE test. The brainstem was then forwarded to the National Veterinary Services Laboratories in Ames, IA, USA, for confirmatory testing. The classical BSE case was reported previously [4]. </div><div><br /></div><div>ELISA test </div><div><br /></div><div>The rapid BSE test used in the U.S. is the Platelia/TeSeETM ELISA BSE test (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Fresh samples from the brainstem were used for the analysis and the samples were treated with proteinase K (PK) in order to digest the PKsensitive normal prion protein, PrPc. </div><div><br /></div><div>Imunoblot Analysis </div><div><br /></div><div>Brain homogenates from the U.S. BSE Alabama case (animal B14842) were prepared from 1.1 gram of brainstem material and analyzed using the PrionicsH-Check Western Kit (Prionics, Schlieren, Switzerland) with modifications and the OIE-recommended Scrapie Associated Fibril (SAF)-Immunoblot method (http://www. oie.int/eng/normes/mmanual/A_summry.htm). Preparation and analysis of brainstem homogenate using both methods has been described previously [4]. Please note that the brain homogenates were treated with PK (2 U/ml) for 60 minutes at 37uC before Western Blot analysis in order to digest the PK-sensitive PrPc. As positive control samples, BSE-positive brain material from the U.S. BSE cases 2003 and 2004 as well as a sheep scrapie isolate were used. As negative controls, brain material from a BSE-negative cow was used. </div><div><br /></div><div>Immunohistochemistry </div><div><br /></div><div>Brain tissue was placed in 10% buffered formalin and after a minimum of 4 days of fixation appropriate sections of brainstem in the obex region were put in cassettes and kept in fresh formalin until they were processed for routine paraffin embedding. The procedure was described in detail previously [4]. The IHC results were interpreted as follows: (i) positive for PrPd: pink to red and (ii) background and negative for PrPd: only blue background. As positive controls, slides from the brainstem of a BSE-positive cow, obtained from the United Kingdom and from the U.S. BSE Case 2003 were used. As negative controls, slides from brainstem material of BSE-negative cattle and scrapie-negative sheep were used. </div><div><br /></div><div>DNA isolation, PCR amplification and sequence analysis Genomic DNA was extracted from 200 ml of a 10% brain homogenate as described previously [4]. The fragment was sequenced in duplicate using the original two primers and two internal primers (available upon request) for a total of 8 reactions. Databases were searched using standard nucleotide-nucleotide BLAST at the National Center for Biotechnology Information Web Site (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The database is a collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank and Reference Sequence. The nucleotide sequences of the Prnp gene of the U.S. BSE Alabama case was aligned using both CLUSTAL V and CLUSTAL W with the following GENBANK accession numbers: AY335912 (bovine), AY367641 (bovine), AF016227(elk), AY275712 (white-tailed deer), AF166334 (sheep), AJ567986 (sheep), and the Canadian BSE case [12] using Lasergene version 5.07 software (DNASTAR-Madison WI). Accession number </div><div><br /></div><div>The GenBank accession number for the Prnp gene of U.S. BSE Alabama case is EU809428. </div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgments </div><div><br /></div><div>The authors would like to thank D. Clouser and K. Hassall for their excellent technical support and Dr. M. Kehrli for his encouragement and support. We thank Drs. T. Baron, S. Czub and T. Seuberlich for sharing DNA from atypical BSE cases. The authors also wish to thank the seven State/University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories for their efforts in screening U.S. cattle for the presence of BSE that enabled detection of this new allele. </div><div><br /></div><div>Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Author Contributions </div><div><br /></div><div>Conceived and designed the experiments: JAR SMH. Performed the experiments: JAR SMH. Analyzed the data: JAR SMH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JAR. Wrote the paper: JAR SMH. References </div><div><br /></div><div>1. Prusiner SB (1998) The prion diseases. Brain Pathol 8: 499–513. </div><div><br /></div><div>2. Wells GA, Wilesmith JW (1995) The neuropathology and epidemiology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Brain Pathol 1995 5: 91–103. </div><div><br /></div><div>3. Colchester AC, Colchester NT (2005) The origin of bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the human prion disease hypothesis. Lancet 366: 856–61. </div><div><br /></div><div>4. Richt JA, Kunkle RA, Alt D, Nicholson EM, Hamir AN, et al. (2007) Identification and characterization of two bovine spongiform encephalopathy cases diagnosed in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 19: 142–154. </div><div><br /></div><div>5. Jacobs JG, Langeveld JP, Biacabe AG, Acutis PL, Polak MP, et al. (2007) Molecular discrimination of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy strains from a geographical region spanning a wide area in Europe. J Clin Microbiol 45: 1821–1829. </div><div><br /></div><div>6. Baron T, Biacabe AG, Arsac JN, Benestad S, Groschup MH (2007) Atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in ruminants. Vaccine 25: 5625–5630. </div><div><br /></div><div>7. Kovacs GG, Puopolo M, Ladogana A, Pocchiari M, Budka H, et al. (2005) Genetic prion disease: the EUROCJD experience. Hum Genet 118: 166–174. </div><div><br /></div><div>8. Clawson ML, Richt JA, Baron T, Biacabe AG, Czub S, et al. (2008) Association of a bovine prion gene haplotype with atypical BSE. PLoS ONE 3: e1830. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001830. </div><div><br /></div><div>9. Seuberlich T, Botteron C, Wenker C, Cafe´-Marcal VA, Oevermann A, et al. (2006) Spongiform encephalopathy in a miniature zebu. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1950–1953. </div><div><br /></div><div>10. Kong Q, Surewicz WK, Peterson RB, Zou W, Chen SG, et al. (2004) Inherited Prion Diseases. In: Prusiner SB, ed. Prion Biology and Diseases. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Series 41. 1050 p. </div><div><br /></div><div>11. Nicholson EN, Brunelle BW, Richt JA, Kehrli Jr ME, Greenlee JJ (2008) Identification of a heritable polymorphism in bovine PRNP associated with genetic transmissible spongiform encephalopathy: evidence of heritable BSE. PLoS ONE 3: e2912. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002912. </div><div><br /></div><div>12. Heaton MP, Keele JW, Harhay GP, Richt JA, Koohmaraie M, et al. (2008) Prevalence of the prion gene E211K variant in U.S. cattle. BMC Vet Res 4: 25. </div><div><br /></div><div>13. Coulthart MB, Mogk R, Rancourt JM, Godal DL, Czub S (2003) Prion protein gene sequence of Canada’s first non-imported case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Genome 46: 1005–1009. </div><div><br /></div><div>Table 1. DNA sequence analysis of codon 211 of the bovine Prnp and codon 200 of the human Prnp. Nucleotide Amino Acid Bovine majority G A A/G A A E211/E211 U.S. 2006 BSE case G A A/A A A E211/K211 Human majority G A G/G A G E200/E200 Human genetic CJD G A G/A A G E200/K200 doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000156.t001 Novel Bovine Prion Protein Gene Mutation PLoS </div><div><br /></div><div>Figure 1. Analysis of brainstem samples from BSE-infected animals employing various methods. (A) Hybrid Immunoblot Analysis using enriched samples: Lanes 1–5: monoclonal antibody 6H4 (raised against human PrP residues 144–152), lanes 8–12 monoclonal antibody P4 (raised against ovine PrP residues 89–104): 1 = sheep scrapie control, 2 mg; 2 = classical BSE (2003 U.S. BSE case), 2 mg; 3 = H-type BSE case (2004 U.S. BSE case), 2 mg; 4 = U.S. BSE Alabama case, 1 mg; 5 = U.S. BSE Alabama case, 2.5 mg; 6,7 = protein weight maker; 8 = U.S. BSE Alabama case, 2.5 mg; 9 = U.S. BSE Alabama case, 1 mg; 10 = H-type BSE case (2004 U.S. BSE case), 2 mg; 11 = classical BSE (2003 U.S. BSE case), 2 mg; 12 = sheep scrapie control, 2 mg. (B) Immunohistochemistry of the U.S. BSE Alabama case (H-type BSE) using PrP-specific monoclonal antibody F99/97.6.1. Brainstem at the level of obex was examined. Bar = 35 mm. (C) Immunohistochemistry of a classical BSE case [4] using PrP-specific monoclonal antibody F99/97.6.1. Brainstem at the level of obex was examined. Spongiform changes are found in the area with highly PrPd-positive cells. Bar = 90 mm. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000156.g001 </div><div><br /></div><div>Figure 2. Alignment of bovine, ovine, cervid and human Prnp sequences. (A) Nucleotide sequences. Standard single letter codes are used for nucleotides. Y = C or T; R = A or G; K =G or T; W= A or T. Boxed area indicates the 6th octapeptide-repeat of the bovine protein (U.S. BSE Alabama case and sequence AY335912). Additional Prnp sequences are as follows: AJ567986 (sheep), AF016227 (elk), Hsap M13899 (human, normal) and Hsap PRNPvar [human, variant; see [13]]. (B) Amino acid sequences. Standard IUPAC single letter codes are used for amino acids. Codon numbering refers to the most common six-copy octapeptide repeat allele for Bos Taurus. Boxed area indicates the 6th octapeptide repeat of the bovine protein [animals B14842 [4] and AY335912]. AJ567986 (sheep), AF016227 (elk), Hsap M13899 (human, normal) and Hsap PRNPvar [human, variant; see [13]] each contain a 5 octapeptide repeat region in the protein. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000156.g002 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA </div><div><br /></div><div> Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson &amp; Hasenbein/dba J&amp;R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. 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REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div><br /></div><div>______________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>###</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" id="link-1675115926175">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>###</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180621/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20070223180621/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div><br /></div><div>______________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) PRO-PAK, MARINE &amp; ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>a) Bulk</div><div><br /></div><div>b) None</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Bulk</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Bulk</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker &amp; Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>###</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20090119125227/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" style="color: #196ad4;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090119125227/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</div><div><br /></div><div>___________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div><br /></div><div>Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div><div><br /></div><div>Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div><br /></div><div>42,090 lbs.</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION</div><div><br /></div><div>WI</div><div><br /></div><div>___________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&amp;C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div><br /></div><div>Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div><br /></div><div>9,997,976 lbs.</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION</div><div><br /></div><div>ID and NV</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20100223054538/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" style="color: #196ad4;">http://web.archive.org/web/20100223054538/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, March 2, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed/Adulterated/Misbranded Rangen Inc 2/11/10 USA</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Monday, March 1, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>ANIMAL PROTEIN I.E. MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE A REVIEW 2010</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (Submitted question): Monday, April 5, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE April 5, 2010</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-on-feed-enforcement-activities.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-on-feed-enforcement-activities.html</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-on-feed-enforcement-activities.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-on-feed-enforcement-activities.html</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div></div><div>Friday, April 23, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>Upcoming BSE Webinar on Thursday, April 22, 2010 a review</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/04/upcoming-bse-webinar-on-thursday-april.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/04/upcoming-bse-webinar-on-thursday-april.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/04/upcoming-bse-webinar-on-thursday-april.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/04/upcoming-bse-webinar-on-thursday-april.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>P.9.21</div><div><br /></div><div>Molecular characterization of BSE in Canada</div><div><br /></div><div>Jianmin Yang1, Sandor Dudas2, Catherine Graham2, Markus Czub3, Tim McAllister1, Stefanie Czub1 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Canada; 2National and OIE BSE Reference Laboratory, Canada; 3University of Calgary, Canada</div><div><br /></div><div>Background: Three BSE types (classical and two atypical) have been identified on the basis of molecular characteristics of the misfolded protein associated with the disease. To date, each of these three types have been detected in Canadian cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>Objectives: This study was conducted to further characterize the 16 Canadian BSE cases based on the biochemical properties of there associated PrPres. Methods: Immuno-reactivity, molecular weight, glycoform profiles and relative proteinase K sensitivity of the PrPres from each of the 16 confirmed Canadian BSE cases was determined using modified Western blot analysis.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Fourteen of the 16 Canadian BSE cases were C type, 1 was H type and 1 was L type. The Canadian H and L-type BSE cases exhibited size shifts and changes in glycosylation similar to other atypical BSE cases. PK digestion under mild and stringent conditions revealed a reduced protease resistance of the atypical cases compared to the C-type cases. N terminal- specific antibodies bound to PrPres from H type but not from C or L type. The C-terminal-specific antibodies resulted in a shift in the glycoform profile and detected a fourth band in the Canadian H-type BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan. This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada. It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries.</div><div><br /></div><div>P.5.21</div><div><br /></div><div>Parallels between different forms of sheep scrapie and types of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)</div><div><br /></div><div>Wiebke M. Wemheuer1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Arne Wrede1, Wilhelm E. Wemheuer3, Tatjana Pfander1, Bjørn Bratberg2, Bertram Brenig3,Walter J. Schulz-Schaeffer1 1University Medical Center Goettingen, Germany; 2Institute of Veterinary Medicine Oslo, Norway; 3Institute of Veterinary Medicine Goettingen, Germany</div><div><br /></div><div>Background: Scrapie in sheep and goats is often regarded as the archetype of prion diseases. In 1998, a new form of scrapie – atypical/Nor98 scrapie – was described that differed from classical scrapie in terms of epidemiology, Western blot profile, the distribution of pathological prion protein (PrPSc) in the body and its stability against proteinase K. In a similar way, distinct disease types exist in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). They differ with regard to their clinical outcome, Western blot profile and PrPSc deposition pattern in the central nervous system (CNS). Objectives: The comparison of PrPSc deposits in sheep scrapie and human sporadic CJD.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: Tissues of the CNS of sheep with classical scrapie, sheep with atypical/Nor98 scrapie and 20 patients with sporadic CJD were examined using the sensitive Paraffin Embedded Tissue (PET) blot method. The results were compared with those obtained by immunohistochemistry. With the objective of gaining information on the protein conformation, the PrPSc of classical and atypical/Nor98 sheep scrapie and sporadic CJD was tested for its stability against denaturation with guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) using a Membrane Adsorption Assay.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: The PrPSc of atypical/Nor98 scrapie cases and of CJD prion type 1 patients exhibits a mainly reticular/synaptic deposition pattern in the brain and is relatively sensitive to denaturation with GdnHCl. In contrast classical scrapie cases and CJD prion type 2 patients have a more complex PrPSc deposition pattern in common that consists of larger PrPSc aggregates and the PrPSc itself is comparatively stable against denaturation.</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion: The similarity between CJD types and scrapie types indicates that at least two comparable forms of the misfolded prion protein exist beyond species barriers and can elicit prion diseases. It seems therefore reasonable to classify classical and atypical/Nor98 scrapie – in analogy to the existing CJD types – as different scrapie types.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.bezpecnostpotravin.cz/UserFiles/File/Kvasnickova2/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">www.bezpecnostpotravin.cz/UserFiles/File/Kvasnickova2/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Monday, December 14, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>Similarities between Forms of Sheep Scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Are Encoded by Distinct Prion Types</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Monday, December 14, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>Similarities between Forms of Sheep Scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Are Encoded by Distinct Prion Types </div><div><br /></div><div>hmmm, this is getting interesting now... </div><div><br /></div><div>***> Sporadic CJD type 1 and atypical/ Nor98 scrapie are characterized by fine (reticular) deposits,</div><div><br /></div><div>see also ; </div><div><br /></div><div>***> All of the Heidenhain variants were of the methionine/ methionine type 1 molecular subtype. <br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://cjdusa.blogspot.com/2009/09/co-existence-of-scrapie-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://cjdusa.blogspot.com/2009/09/co-existence-of-scrapie-prion-protein.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://cjdusa.blogspot.com/2009/09/co-existence-of-scrapie-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://cjdusa.blogspot.com/2009/09/co-existence-of-scrapie-prion-protein.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div> see full text ;</div><div><br /></div><div>Monday, December 14, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>Similarities between Forms of Sheep Scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Are Encoded by Distinct Prion Types</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Epidemiology of Scrapie in the United States 1977 </div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, April 28, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>Nor98-like Scrapie in the United States of America</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/04/nor98-like-scrapie-in-united-states-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/04/nor98-like-scrapie-in-united-states-of.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/04/nor98-like-scrapie-in-united-states-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/04/nor98-like-scrapie-in-united-states-of.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>P03.141</div><div><br /></div><div>Aspects of the Cerebellar Neuropathology in Nor98</div><div><br /></div><div>Gavier-Widén, D1; Benestad, SL2; Ottander, L1; Westergren, E1 1National Veterinary Insitute, Sweden; 2National Veterinary Institute,</div><div><br /></div><div>Norway Nor98 is a prion disease of old sheep and goats. This atypical form of scrapie was first described in Norway in 1998. Several features of Nor98 were shown to be different from classical scrapie including the distribution of disease associated prion protein (PrPd) accumulation in the brain. The cerebellum is generally the most affected brain area in Nor98. The study here presented aimed at adding information on the neuropathology in the cerebellum of Nor98 naturally affected sheep of various genotypes in Sweden and Norway. A panel of histochemical and immunohistochemical (IHC) stainings such as IHC for PrPd, synaptophysin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, amyloid, and cell markers for phagocytic cells were conducted. The type of histological lesions and tissue reactions were evaluated. The types of PrPd deposition were characterized. The cerebellar cortex was regularly affected, even though there was a variation in the severity of the lesions from case to case. Neuropil vacuolation was more marked in the molecular layer, but affected also the granular cell layer. There was a loss of granule cells. Punctate deposition of PrPd was characteristic. It was morphologically and in distribution identical with that of synaptophysin, suggesting that PrPd accumulates in the synaptic structures. PrPd was also observed in the granule cell layer and in the white matter. The pathology features of Nor98 in the cerebellum of the affected sheep showed similarities with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.</div><div><br /></div><div>***The pathology features of Nor98 in the cerebellum of the affected sheep showed similarities with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20171222021848/http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20171222021848/http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>PR-26</div><div><br /></div><div>NOR98 SHOWS MOLECULAR FEATURES REMINISCENT OF GSS</div><div><br /></div><div>R. Nonno1, E. Esposito1, G. Vaccari1, E. Bandino2, M. Conte1, B. Chiappini1, S. Marcon1, M. Di Bari1, S.L. Benestad3, U. Agrimi1 1 Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy (romolo.nonno@iss.it); 2 Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy; 3 National Veterinary Institute, Department of Pathology, Oslo, Norway</div><div><br /></div><div>Molecular variants of PrPSc are being increasingly investigated in sheep scrapie and are generally referred to as "atypical" scrapie, as opposed to "classical scrapie". Among the atypical group, Nor98 seems to be the best identified. We studied the molecular properties of Italian and Norwegian Nor98 samples by WB analysis of brain homogenates, either untreated, digested with different concentrations of proteinase K, or subjected to enzymatic deglycosylation. The identity of PrP fragments was inferred by means of antibodies spanning the full PrP sequence. We found that undigested brain homogenates contain a Nor98-specific PrP fragment migrating at 11 kDa (PrP11), truncated at both the C-terminus and the N-terminus, and not N-glycosylated. After mild PK digestion, Nor98 displayed full-length PrP (FL-PrP) and N-glycosylated C-terminal fragments (CTF), along with increased levels of PrP11. Proteinase K digestion curves (0,006-6,4 mg/ml) showed that FL-PrP and CTF are mainly digested above 0,01 mg/ml, while PrP11 is not entirely digested even at the highest concentrations, similarly to PrP27-30 associated with classical scrapie. Above 0,2 mg/ml PK, most Nor98 samples showed only PrP11 and a fragment of 17 kDa with the same properties of PrP11, that was tentatively identified as a dimer of PrP11. Detergent solubility studies showed that PrP11 is insoluble in 2% sodium laurylsorcosine and is mainly produced from detergentsoluble, full-length PrPSc. Furthermore, among Italian scrapie isolates, we found that a sample with molecular and pathological properties consistent with Nor98 showed plaque-like deposits of PrPSc in the thalamus when the brain was analysed by PrPSc immunohistochemistry. Taken together, our results show that the distinctive pathological feature of Nor98 is a PrP fragment spanning amino acids ~ 90-155. This fragment is produced by successive N-terminal and C-terminal cleavages from a full-length and largely detergent-soluble PrPSc, is produced in vivo and is extremely resistant to PK digestion.</div><div><br /></div><div>*** Intriguingly, these conclusions suggest that some pathological features of Nor98 are reminiscent of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>119</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070217062130/http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20070217062130/http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>A newly identified type of scrapie agent can naturally infect sheep with resistant PrP genotypes</div><div><br /></div><div>Annick Le Dur*,?, Vincent Béringue*,?, Olivier Andréoletti?, Fabienne Reine*, Thanh Lan Laï*, Thierry Baron§, Bjørn Bratberg¶, Jean-Luc Vilotte?, Pierre Sarradin**, Sylvie L. Benestad¶, and Hubert Laude*,?? +Author Affiliations</div><div><br /></div><div>*Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires and ?Génétique Biochimique et Cytogénétique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; ?Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, 31066 Toulouse, France; §Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Unité Agents Transmissibles Non Conventionnels, 69364 Lyon, France; **Pathologie Infectieuse et Immunologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France; and ¶Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, 0033 Oslo, Norway</div><div><br /></div><div>***Edited by Stanley B. Prusiner, University of California, San Francisco, CA (received for review March 21, 2005)</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract Scrapie in small ruminants belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, a family of fatal neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals and can transmit within and between species by ingestion or inoculation. Conversion of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP), normal cellular PrP (PrPc), into a misfolded form, abnormal PrP (PrPSc), plays a key role in TSE transmission and pathogenesis. The intensified surveillance of scrapie in the European Union, together with the improvement of PrPSc detection techniques, has led to the discovery of a growing number of so-called atypical scrapie cases. These include clinical Nor98 cases first identified in Norwegian sheep on the basis of unusual pathological and PrPSc molecular features and "cases" that produced discordant responses in the rapid tests currently applied to the large-scale random screening of slaughtered or fallen animals. Worryingly, a substantial proportion of such cases involved sheep with PrP genotypes known until now to confer natural resistance to conventional scrapie. Here we report that both Nor98 and discordant cases, including three sheep homozygous for the resistant PrPARR allele (A136R154R171), efficiently transmitted the disease to transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP, and that they shared unique biological and biochemical features upon propagation in mice. *** These observations support the view that a truly infectious TSE agent, unrecognized until recently, infects sheep and goat flocks and may have important implications in terms of scrapie control and public health.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0502296102" style="color: #196ad4;">www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0502296102</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.0502296102" style="color: #196ad4;">www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.0502296102</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Monday, December 1, 2008</div><div><br /></div><div>When Atypical Scrapie cross species barriers</div><div><br /></div><div>Authors</div><div><br /></div><div>Andreoletti O., Herva M. H., Cassard H., Espinosa J. C., Lacroux C., Simon S., Padilla D., Benestad S. L., Lantier F., Schelcher F., Grassi J., Torres, J. M., UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse.France; ICISA-INlA, Madrid, Spain; CEA, IBiTec-5, DSV, CEA/Saclay, Gif sur Yvette cedex, France; National Veterinary Institute, Postboks 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway, INRA IASP, Centre INRA de Tours, 3738O Nouzilly, France.</div><div><br /></div><div>Content</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical scrapie is a TSE occurring in small ruminants and harbouring peculiar clinical, epidemiological and biochemical properties. Currently this form of disease is identified in a large number of countries. In this study we report the transmission of an atypical scrapie isolate through different species barriers as modeled by transgenic mice (Tg) expressing different species PRP sequence.</div><div><br /></div><div>The donor isolate was collected in 1995 in a French commercial sheep flock. inoculation into AHQ/AHQ sheep induced a disease which had all neuro-pathological and biochemical characteristics of atypical scrapie. Transmitted into Transgenic mice expressing either ovine or PrPc, the isolate retained all the described characteristics of atypical scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>Surprisingly the TSE agent characteristics were dramatically different v/hen passaged into Tg bovine mice. The recovered TSE agent had biological and biochemical characteristics similar to those of atypical BSE L in the same mouse model. Moreover, whereas no other TSE agent than BSE were shown to transmit into Tg porcine mice, atypical scrapie was able to develop into this model, albeit with low attack rate on first passage.</div><div><br /></div><div>Furthermore, after adaptation in the porcine mouse model this prion showed similar biological and biochemical characteristics than BSE adapted to this porcine mouse model. Altogether these data indicate.</div><div><br /></div><div>(i) the unsuspected potential abilities of atypical scrapie to cross species barriers</div><div><br /></div><div>(ii) the possible capacity of this agent to acquire new characteristics when crossing species barrier</div><div><br /></div><div>These findings raise some interrogation on the concept of TSE strain and on the origin of the diversity of the TSE agents and could have consequences on field TSE control measures.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2008/abstract-book-prion2008.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2008/abstract-book-prion2008.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2008/abstract-book-prion2008.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2008/abstract-book-prion2008.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20170127012646/http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2008/abstract-book-prion2008.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20170127012646/http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2008/abstract-book-prion2008.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>P.4.23</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models</div><div><br /></div><div>Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve University, USA; 2Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University (Previously at USDA National Animal Disease Center), USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Background: Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human infection (variant CJD). Atypical BSE cases have been discovered in three continents since 2004; they include the L-type (also named BASE), the H-type, and the first reported case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PRNP (termed BSE-M). The public health risks posed by atypical BSE were largely undefined.</div><div><br /></div><div>Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice. Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc, symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Sixty percent of BASE-inoculated humanized mice became infected with minimal spongiosis and an average incubation time of 20-22 months, whereas only one of the C-type BSE-inoculated mice developed prion disease after more than 2 years. Protease-resistant PrPSc in BASE-infected humanized Tg mouse brains was biochemically different from bovine BASE or sCJD. PrPSc was also detected in the spleen of 22% of BASE-infected humanized mice, but not in those infected with sCJD. Secondary transmission of BASE in the humanized mice led to a small reduction in incubation time. The atypical BSE-H strain is also transmissible with distinct phenotypes in the humanized mice, but no BSE-M transmission has been observed so far.</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774. </div><div><br /></div><div>O.4.4</div><div><br /></div><div>PrPSc distribution pattern in cattle experimentally challenged with H-type and L-type atypical BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>Anne Buschmann1, Ute Ziegler1, Leila McIntyre2, Markus Keller1, Ron Rogers3, Bob Hills3, Martin H. Groschup1 1Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, INEID, Germany; 2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; 3Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada</div><div><br /></div><div>Background: After the detection of two novel BSE forms designated H-type and L-type BSE, the question of the pathogenesis and the agent distribution in cattle affected with these forms was fully open. From initial studies, it was already known that the PrPSc distribution in L-type BSE affected cattle differed from that known for classical BSE (C-type) where the obex region always displays the highest PrPSc concentrations. In contrast in L-type BSE cases, the thalamus and frontal cortex regions showed the highest levels of the pathological prion protein, while the obex region was only weakly involved. No information was available on the distribution pattern in H-type BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Objectives: To analyse the PrPSc and infectivity distribution in cattle experimentally challenged with H-type and L-type BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: We analysed CNS and peripheral tissue samples collected from cattle that were intracranially challenged with Htype (five animals) and L-type (six animals) using a commercial BSE rapid test (IDEXX HerdChek), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and a highly sensitive Western blot protocol including a phosphotungstic acid precipitation of PrPSc (PTA-WB). Samples collected during the preclinical and the clinical stages of the disease were examined. For the detection of BSE infectivity, selected samples were also inoculated into highly sensitive Tgbov XV mice overexpressing bovine prion protein (PrPC).</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Analysis of a collection of fifty samples from the peripheral nervous, lymphoreticular, digestive, reproductive, respiratory and musculo-skeletal systems by PTA-WB, IDEXXHerdChek BSE EIA and IHC revealed a general restriction of the PrPSc accumulation to the central nervous system.</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion: Our results on the PrPSc distribution in peripheral tissues of cattle affected with H-type and L-type BSE are generally in accordance with what has been known for C-type BSE. Bioassays are ongoing in highly sensitive transgenic mice in order to reveal infectivity. </div><div><br /></div><div>O.11.3</div><div><br /></div><div>Infectivity in skeletal muscle of BASE-infected cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>Silvia Suardi1, Chiara Vimercati1, Fabio Moda1, Ruggerone Margherita1, Ilaria Campagnani1, Guerino Lombardi2, Daniela Gelmetti2, Martin H. Groschup3, Anne Buschmann3, Cristina Casalone4, Maria Caramelli4, Salvatore Monaco5, Gianluigi Zanusso5, Fabrizio Tagliavini1 1Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute,Italy; 2IZS Brescia, Italy; 33FLI Insel Riems, D, Germany; 4CEA-IZS Torino, Italy; 5University of Verona, Italy</div><div><br /></div><div>Background: BASE is an atypical form of bovine spongiform encephalopathy caused by a prion strain distinct from that of BSE. Upon experimental transmission to cattle, BASE induces a previously unrecognized disease phenotype marked by mental dullness and progressive atrophy of hind limb musculature. Whether affected muscles contain infectivity is unknown. This is a critical issue since the BASE strain is readily transmissible to a variety of hosts including primates, suggesting that humans may be susceptible.</div><div><br /></div><div>Objectives: To investigate the distribution of infectivity in peripheral tissues of cattle experimentally infected with BASE. Methods: Groups of Tg mice expressing bovine PrP (Tgbov XV, n= 7-15/group) were inoculated both i.c. and i.p. with 10% homogenates of a variety of tissues including brain, spleen, cervical lymph node, kidney and skeletal muscle (m. longissimus dorsi) from cattle intracerebrally infected with BASE. No PrPres was detectable in the peripheral tissues used for inoculation either by immunohistochemistry or Western blot.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Mice inoculated with BASE-brain homogenates showed clinical signs of disease with incubation and survival times of 175±15 and 207±12 days. Five out of seven mice challenged with skeletal muscle developed a similar neurological disorder, with incubation and survival times of 380±11 and 410±12 days. At present (700 days after inoculation) mice challenged with the other peripheral tissues are still healthy. The neuropathological phenotype and PrPres type of the affected mice inoculated either with brain or muscle were indistinguishable and matched those of Tgbov XV mice infected with natural BASE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion: Our data indicate that the skeletal muscle of cattle experimentally infected with BASE contains significant amount of infectivity, at variance with BSE-affected cattle, raising the issue of intraspecies transmission and the potential risk for humans. Experiments are in progress to assess the presence of infectivity in skeletal muscles of natural BASE. </div><div><br /></div><div>P.5.3</div><div><br /></div><div>Differences in the expression levels of selected genes in the brain tissue of cattle naturally infected with classical and atypical BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Magdalena Larska1, Miroslaw P. Polak1, Jan F. Zmudzinski1, Juan M. Torres2 1National Veterinary Institute, Poland; 2CISA/INIA</div><div><br /></div><div>Background: Recently cases of BSE in older cattle named BSE type L and type H were distinguished on the basis of atypical glycoprofiles of PrPres. The nature of those strains is still not fully understood but it is suspected that the atypical BSE cases are sporadic. Hitherto most BSE cases were studied in respect to the features of PrPSc. Here we propose gene expression profiling as a method to characterize and distinguish BSE strains.</div><div><br /></div><div>Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the activities of some factors which are known to play a role in TSE’s pathogenesis in order to distinguish the differences/similarities between all BSE types.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: 10 % homogenate of brain stem tissue collected from obex region of medulla oblongata from 20 naturally infected BSE cows (8 assigned as classical BSE, other 8 and 4 infected with atypical BSE L type and H type respectively) was used in the study. As negative control animals we’ve used 8 animals in the age between 2.5 and 13 years. The genes were relatively quantified using SYBR Green real time RT-PCR. Raw data of Ct values was transformed into normalized relative quantities using Qbase Plus®. Results and</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion: In most of the tested genes significant differences in the expression levels between the brain stem of healthy cattle and animals infected with different BSE types were observed. In c-type BSE in comparison to healthy and atypical BSE the overexpression of the gene of bcl-2, caspase 3, 14-3-3 and tylosine kinase Fyn was significant.</div><div><br /></div><div>Simultaneously in atypical BSEs type-L and type-H the levels of prion protein, Bax and LPR gene was elevated in comparison to c-BSE. Additionally L-BSE was characterized by the overexpression of STI1 and SOD genes compared to the other of BSE types. The downregulation of the gene encoding NCAM1 was observed in all BSE types in comparison to healthy cows. Different gene expression profiles of bovine brains infected with classical and atypical BSE indicates possible different pathogenesis or source of the disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>O.10.1</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of uncommon forms of bovine prions to transgenic mice expressing human PrP: questions and progress</div><div><br /></div><div>Vincent Béringue, Hubert Laude INRA, UR 892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, France</div><div><br /></div><div>The active, large-scale testing of livestock nervous tissues for the presence of protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) has led to the recognition of 2 uncommon PrPres molecular signatures, termed H-type and L-type BSE. Their experimental transmission to various transgenic and inbred mouse lines unambiguously demonstrated the infectious nature of such cases and the existence of distinct prion strains in cattle. Like the classical BSE agent, H- and L-type (or BASE) prions can propagate in heterologous species. In addition L-type prions acquire molecular and neuropathologic phenotypic traits undistinguishable from BSE or BSE-related agents upon transmission to transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP (VRQ allele) or wild-type mice. An understanding of the transmission properties of these newly recognized prions when confronted with human PrP sequence was therefore needed. Toward this end, we inoculated mice expressing human PrP Met129 with several field isolates. Unlike classical BSE agent, L-type prions appeared to propagate in these mice with no obvious transmission barrier. In contrast, we repeatedly failed to infect them with Htype prions. Ongoing investigations aim to extend the knowledge on these uncommon strains: are these agents able to colonize lymphoid tissue, a potential key factor for successful transmission by peripheral route; is there any relationship between these assumedly sporadic forms of TSE in cattle and some sporadic forms of human CJD are among the issues that need to be addressed for a careful assessment of the risk for cattle-to-human transmission of H- and L-type prions.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://http//prionconference.blogspot.com/" style="color: #196ad4;">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>P02.35</div><div><br /></div><div>Molecular Features of the Protease-resistant Prion Protein (PrPres) in H-type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>Biacabe, A-G1; Jacobs, JG2; Gavier-Widén, D3; Vulin, J1; Langeveld, JPM2; Baron, TGM1 1AFSSA, France; 2CIDC-Lelystad, Netherlands; 3SVA, Sweden</div><div><br /></div><div>Western blot analyses of PrPres accumulating in the brain of BSE-infected cattle have demonstrated 3 different molecular phenotypes regarding to the apparent molecular masses and glycoform ratios of PrPres bands. We initially described isolates (H-type BSE) essentially characterized by higher PrPres molecular mass and decreased levels of the diglycosylated PrPres band, in contrast to the classical type of BSE. This type is also distinct from another BSE phenotype named L-type BSE, or also BASE (for Bovine Amyloid Spongiform Encephalopathy), mainly characterized by a low representation of the diglycosylated PrPres band as well as a lower PrPres molecular mass. Retrospective molecular studies in France of all available BSE cases older than 8 years old and of part of the other cases identified since the beginning of the exhaustive surveillance of the disease in 20001 allowed to identify 7 H-type BSE cases, among 594 BSE cases that could be classified as classical, L- or H-type BSE. By Western blot analysis of H-type PrPres, we described a remarkable specific feature with antibodies raised against the C-terminal region of PrP that demonstrated the existence of a more C-terminal cleaved form of PrPres (named PrPres#2 ), in addition to the usual PrPres form (PrPres #1). In the unglycosylated form, PrPres #2 migrates at about 14 kDa, compared to 20 kDa for PrPres #1. The proportion of the PrPres#2 in cattle seems to by higher compared to the PrPres#1. Furthermore another PK-resistant fragment at about 7 kDa was detected by some more N-terminal antibodies and presumed to be the result of cleavages of both N- and C-terminal parts of PrP. These singular features were maintained after transmission of the disease to C57Bl/6 mice. The identification of these two additional PrPres fragments (PrPres #2 and 7kDa band) reminds features reported respectively in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome in humans.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20171222021848/http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20171222021848/http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>P2-110</div><div><br /></div><div>TRANSMISSION OF ATYPICAL BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TO MICROCEBUS MURINUS, A NON-HUMAN PRIMATE. DEVELOPMENT OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF PRPRES</div><div><br /></div><div>Nadine Mestre-Frances1, Anne-Gaelle Biacabe2, Sylvie Rouland1, Thierry Baron2, Jean-Michel Verdier1, 1INSERM U710, Montpellier, France; 2AFSSA, Lyon, France. Contact e-mail: nfrances@univmontp2. fr</div><div><br /></div><div>Background: Atypical BSE cases have been observed in Europe, Japan and North America. They differ in their PrPres profiles from those found in classical BSE. These atypical cases fall into 2 types, depending on the molecular mass of the unglycosylated PrPres band observed by Western blot: the L-type (lower molecular mass than the typical BSE cases) and H-type (higher molecular mass than the typical BSE cases).</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: Height animals (4 males and 4 females) were intracerebrally inoculated with 50 l of a 10% brain homogenates of atypical (L and H-type) French BSE cases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Only one of the four lemurs challenge with H-type BSE died without clinical signs after 19 months post inoculation (mpi), the 4 animals inoculated with L-type BSE died at 19 mpi (2 males) and 22 mpi (2 females). Three months before their sacrifice, they developed blindness, tremor, abnormal posture, incoordinated movements, balance loss. Symptoms get worse according to the disease progression, until severe ataxia. The brain tissue were biochemically and immunocytochemically investigated for PrPres. For the H-types, spongiform changes without PrPres accumulation were observed in the brainstem. Western blot analysis confirmed that no PrPres was detected into the brain. For the L-types, severe spongiosis was evidenced into the thalamus, the striatum, the mesencephalon, and the brainstem, whereas into the cortex the spongiosis was evidenced, but the vacuolisation was weaker. Strong deposits of PrPres was detected by western blot, PET-blot and immunocytochemistry in the CNS: dense accumulation was observed into the thalamus, the striatum, and the hippocampus whereas in the cerebral cortex, PrPres was prominently accumulated in plaques. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of protease-resistant prion protein.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: L-type infected lemurs showed survival times considerably shorter than for classical BSE strain, indicating that the disease is caused by a very virulent distinct prion strain.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/1552-5260/PIIS1552526008013447.pdf">http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/1552-5260/PIIS1552526008013447.pdf</a> </div><div><br /></div><div> Atypical BSE (BASE) Transmitted from Asymptomatic Aging Cattle to a Primate</div><div><br /></div><div>Emmanuel E. Comoy1*, Cristina Casalone2, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray1, Gianluigi Zanusso3, Sophie Freire1, Dominique Marcé1, Frédéric Auvré1, Marie-Magdeleine Ruchoux1, Sergio Ferrari3, Salvatore Monaco3, Nicole Salès4, Maria Caramelli2, Philippe Leboulch1,5, Paul Brown1, Corinne I. Lasmézas4, Jean-Philippe Deslys1</div><div><br /></div><div>1 Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France, 2 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy, 3 Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy, 4 Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America, 5 Genetics Division, Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract Top Background Human variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) results from foodborne transmission of prions from slaughtered cattle with classical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (cBSE). Atypical forms of BSE, which remain mostly asymptomatic in aging cattle, were recently identified at slaughterhouses throughout Europe and North America, raising a question about human susceptibility to these new prion strains.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methodology/Principal Findings Brain homogenates from cattle with classical BSE and atypical (BASE) infections were inoculated intracerebrally into cynomolgus monkeys (Macacca fascicularis), a non-human primate model previously demonstrated to be susceptible to the original strain of cBSE. The resulting diseases were compared in terms of clinical signs, histology and biochemistry of the abnormal prion protein (PrPres). The single monkey infected with BASE had a shorter survival, and a different clinical evolution, histopathology, and prion protein (PrPres) pattern than was observed for either classical BSE or vCJD-inoculated animals. Also, the biochemical signature of PrPres in the BASE-inoculated animal was found to have a higher proteinase K sensitivity of the octa-repeat region. We found the same biochemical signature in three of four human patients with sporadic CJD and an MM type 2 PrP genotype who lived in the same country as the infected bovine.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion/Significance Our results point to a possibly higher degree of pathogenicity of BASE than classical BSE in primates and also raise a question about a possible link to one uncommon subset of cases of apparently sporadic CJD. Thus, despite the waning epidemic of classical BSE, the occurrence of atypical strains should temper the urge to relax measures currently in place to protect public health from accidental contamination by BSE-contaminated products.</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Comoy EE, Casalone C, Lescoutra-Etchegaray N, Zanusso G, Freire S, et al. (2008) Atypical BSE (BASE) Transmitted from Asymptomatic Aging Cattle to a Primate. PLoS ONE 3(8): e3017. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003017</div><div><br /></div><div>Editor: Neil Mabbott, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom</div><div><br /></div><div>Received: April 24, 2008; Accepted: August 1, 2008; Published: August 20, 2008</div><div><br /></div><div>Copyright: © 2008 Comoy et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funding: This work has been supported by the Network of Excellence NeuroPrion.</div><div><br /></div><div>Competing interests: CEA owns a patent covering the BSE diagnostic tests commercialized by the company Bio-Rad.</div><div><br /></div><div>* E-mail: mhtml:%7B33B38F65-8D2E-434D-8F9B-8BDCD77D3066%7Dmid://00000110/!x-usc:mailto:emmanuel.comoy@cea.fr</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003017</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003017</a></div><div><br /></div><div> Saturday, December 01, 2007</div><div><br /></div><div>Phenotypic Similarity of Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy in Cattle and L-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in a Mouse Model</div><div><br /></div><div>Volume 13, Number 12–December 2007 Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Phenotypic Similarity of Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy in Cattle and L-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in a Mouse Model</div><div><br /></div><div>Thierry Baron,* Anna Bencsik,* Anne-Gaëlle Biacabe,* Eric Morignat,* andRichard A. Bessen†*Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments–Lyon, Lyon, France; and†Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmissible mink encepholapathy (TME) is a foodborne transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of ranch-raised mink; infection with a ruminant TSE has been proposed as the cause, but the precise origin of TME is unknown. To compare the phenotypes of each TSE, bovine-passaged TME isolate and 3 distinct natural bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agents (typical BSE, H-type BSE, and L-type BSE) were inoculated into an ovine transgenic mouse line (TgOvPrP4). Transgenic mice were susceptible to infection with bovine-passaged TME, typical BSE, and L-type BSE but not to H-type BSE. Based on survival periods, brain lesions profiles, disease-associated prion protein brain distribution, and biochemical properties of protease-resistant prion protein, typical BSE had a distint phenotype in ovine transgenic mice compared to L-type BSE and bovine TME.The similar phenotypic properties of L-type BSE and bovine TME in TgOvPrP4 mice suggest that L-type BSE is a much more likely candidate for the origin of TME than is typical BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion</div><div><br /></div><div>These studies provide experimental evidence that the Stetsonville TME agent is distinct from typical BSE but has phenotypic similarities to L-type BSE in TgOvPrP4 mice. Our conclusion is that L-type BSE is a more likely candidate for a bovine source of TME infection than typical BSE. In the scenario that a ruminant TSE is the source for TME infection in mink, this would be a second example of transmission of a TSE from ruminants to non-ruminants under natural conditions or farming practices in addition to transmission of typical BSE to humans, domestic cats, and exotic zoo animals(37). The potential importance of this finding is relevant to L-type BSE, which based on experimental transmission into humanized PrP transgenic mice and macaques, suggests that L-type BSE is more pathogenic for humans than typical BSE (24,38).</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/13/12/1887.htm?s_cid=eid1887_e" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/13/12/1887.htm?s_cid=eid1887</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/13/12/1887.htm?s_cid=eid1887" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/13/12/1887.htm?s_cid=eid1887</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, February 28, 2009NEW RESULTS ON IDIOPATHIC BRAINSTEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS TYPE BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>"All of the 15 cattle tested showed that the brains had abnormally accumulated PrP" 2009 SEAC 102/2</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/02/new-results-on-idiopathic-brainstem.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/02/new-results-on-idiopathic-brainstem.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/02/new-results-on-idiopathic-brainstem.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/02/new-results-on-idiopathic-brainstem.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Wednesday, October 08, 2008</div><div><br /></div><div>Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/10/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/10/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/10/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/10/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>>>>Conclusions: L-type infected lemurs showed survival times considerably shorter than for classical BSE strain, indicating that the disease is caused by a very virulent distinct prion strain. <<<<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>seems the survival time was the same for the h-type BSE and the l-type BSE i.e. 19 months post inoculation (mpi), interesting. ...TSS </div><div><br /></div><div> Wednesday, March 31, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical BSE in Cattle / position: Post Doctoral Fellow</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/03/atypical-bse-in-cattle-position-post.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/03/atypical-bse-in-cattle-position-post.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/03/atypical-bse-in-cattle-position-post.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/03/atypical-bse-in-cattle-position-post.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Wednesday, February 24, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America 14th</div><div><br /></div><div>ICID International Scientific Exchange Brochure -</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined1 (July 31, 2010)</div><div><br /></div><div>(please see video at the bottom of this url...tss)</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, August 03, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy: A new sporadic disease of the prion protein</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Monday, August 9, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy: A new sporadic disease of the prion protein or just more Prionbaloney ?</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>Wednesday, July 28, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>re-Freedom of Information Act Project Number 3625-32000-086-05, Study of Atypical BSE UPDATE July 28, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/re-freedom-of-information-act-project.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/re-freedom-of-information-act-project.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/re-freedom-of-information-act-project.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/re-freedom-of-information-act-project.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Wednesday, July 28, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical prion proteins and IBNC in cattle DEFRA project code SE1796 FOIA Final report</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/atypical-prion-proteins-and-ibnc-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/atypical-prion-proteins-and-ibnc-in.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/atypical-prion-proteins-and-ibnc-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/atypical-prion-proteins-and-ibnc-in.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Thursday, June 24, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>Accumulation of L-type Bovine Prions in Peripheral Nerve Tissues</div><div><br /></div><div>Volume 16, Number 7–July 2010</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/06/accumulation-of-l-type-bovine-prions-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/06/accumulation-of-l-type-bovine-prions-in.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/06/accumulation-of-l-type-bovine-prions-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/06/accumulation-of-l-type-bovine-prions-in.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>To date the OIE/WAHO assumes that the human and animal health standards set out in the BSE chapter for classical BSE (C-Type) applies to all forms of BSE which include the H-type and L-type atypical forms. This assumption is scientifically not completely justified and accumulating evidence suggests that this may in fact not be the case. Molecular characterization and the spatial distribution pattern of histopathologic lesions and immunohistochemistry (IHC) signals are used to identify and characterize atypical BSE. Both the L-type and H-type atypical cases display significant differences in the conformation and spatial accumulation of the disease associated prion protein (PrPSc) in brains of afflicted cattle. Transmission studies in bovine transgenic and wild type mouse models support that the atypical BSE types might be unique strains because they have different incubation times and lesion profiles when compared to C-type BSE. When L-type BSE was inoculated into ovine transgenic mice and Syrian hamster the resulting molecular fingerprint had changed, either in the first or a subsequent passage, from L-type into C-type BSE. In addition, non-human primates are specifically susceptible for atypical BSE as demonstrated by an approximately 50% shortened incubation time for L-type BSE as compared to C-type. Considering the current scientific information available, it cannot be assumed that these different BSE types pose the same human health risks as C-type BSE or that these risks are mitigated by the same protective measures.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=5&dt=293380&app=93&cat1=387&tp=20&lk=no&cat2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=5&dt=293380&app=93&cat1=387&tp=20&lk=no&cat2</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=5&dt=293380&app=93&cat1=387&tp=20&lk=no&cat2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=5&dt=293380&app=93&cat1=387&tp=20&lk=no&cat2</a></div><div> </div><div>Wednesday, March 31, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical BSE in Cattle</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/03/atypical-bse-in-cattle-position-post.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/03/atypical-bse-in-cattle-position-post.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/03/atypical-bse-in-cattle-position-post.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/03/atypical-bse-in-cattle-position-post.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Let's look at some sound science on atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, shall we ;</div><div><br /></div><div>[Although atypical scrapie is not yet ruled out, it is important to realize this is a type of scrapie that thus far has only tended to appear as a sporadic condition in older animals. Currently it has not been shown to follow the same genetic tendencies for propagation as the usual scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>However, the atypical phenotypic appearance has been shown to be preserved on experimental passage.</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical scrapie was first identified in Norwegian sheep in 1998 and has subsequently been identified in many countries, as Australia may join that list. It is likely that this case will be sent to the UK for definitive conformation.</div><div><br /></div><div>[Ref: M Simmons, T Konold, L Thurston, et al. BMC Veterinary Research 2010, 6:14 [provisional abstract available at <http:>]</div><div><br /></div><div>"Background ----------- "Retrospective studies have identified cases predating the initial identification of this form of scrapie, and epidemiological studies have indicated that it does not conform to the behaviour of an infectious disease, giving rise to the hypothesis that it represents spontaneous disease. However, atypical scrapie isolates have been shown to be infectious experimentally, through intracerebral inoculation in transgenic mice and sheep. [Many of the neurological diseases can be transmitted by intracerebral inoculation, which causes this moderator to approach intracerebral studies as a tool for study, but not necessarily as a direct indication of transmissibility of natural diseases. - Mod.TG]</div><div><br /></div><div>"The 1st successful challenge of a sheep with 'field' atypical scrapie from an homologous donor sheep was reported in 2007.</div><div><br /></div><div>"Results -------- "This study demonstrates that atypical scrapie has distinct clinical, pathological, and biochemical characteristics which are maintained on transmission and sub-passage, and which are distinct from other strains of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in the same host genotype.</div><div><br /></div><div>"Conclusions ------------ Atypical scrapie is consistently transmissible within AHQ homozygous sheep, and the disease phenotype is preserved on sub-passage."</div><div><br /></div><div>Lastly, this moderator wishes to thank Terry Singletary for some of his behind the scenes work of providing citations and references for this posting. - Mod.TG]</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1001:962575216785367::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000,81729" style="color: #196ad4;">www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1001:962575216785367::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000,81729</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, June 5, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>Research Project: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies: Identification of atypical scrapie in Canadian sheep</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/06/research-project-transmissible.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/06/research-project-transmissible.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/06/research-project-transmissible.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/06/research-project-transmissible.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Sunday, April 18, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION STUDIES A REVIEW 2010</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>If the scrapie agent is generated from ovine DNA and thence causes disease in other species, then perhaps, bearing in mind the possible role of scrapie in CJD of humans (Davinpour et al, 1985), scrapie and not BSE should be the notifiable disease. ... </div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/08004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/08004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/08004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/08004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506071533/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/08004001.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20090506071533/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/08004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, July 27, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>Spontaneous generation of mammalian prions</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2010/07/spontaneous-generation-of-mammalian.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2010/07/spontaneous-generation-of-mammalian.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2010/07/spontaneous-generation-of-mammalian.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2010/07/spontaneous-generation-of-mammalian.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div> Thursday, August 12, 2010 </div><div><br /></div><div>Seven main threats for the future linked to prions </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/seven-main-threats-for-future-linked-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/seven-main-threats-for-future-linked-to.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/seven-main-threats-for-future-linked-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/seven-main-threats-for-future-linked-to.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA 77518</div></div><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;" />Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-872479968889513048.post-15038179329754465512010-08-12T14:26:00.000-07:002010-08-12T15:36:16.344-07:00Seven main threats for the future linked to prionsSeven main threats for the future linked to prions<br /><br />The NeuroPrion network has identified seven main threats for the future linked to prions.<br /><br />First threat<br /><br />The TSE road map defining the evolution of European policy for protection against prion diseases is based on a certain numbers of hypotheses some of which may turn out to be erroneous. In particular, a form of BSE (called atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy), recently identified by systematic testing in aged cattle without clinical signs, may be the origin of classical BSE and thus potentially constitute a reservoir, which may be impossible to eradicate if a sporadic origin is confirmed. Also, a link is suspected between atypical BSE and some apparently sporadic cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. These atypical BSE cases constitute an unforeseen first threat that could sharply modify the European approach to prion diseases.<br /><br />Second threat<br /><br />In small ruminants, a new atypical form of scrapie currently represents up to 50% of detected cases and even involves sheep selected for resistance to classical scrapie. The consequences for animal and human health are still unknown and there may be a potential connection with atypical BSE. These atypical scrapie cases constitute a second threat not envisioned previously which could deeply modify the European approach to prion diseases.<br /><br />Third threat<br /><br />The species barrier between human and cattle might be weaker than previously expected and the risk of transmission of prion diseases between different species has been notoriously unpredictable. The emergence of new atypical strains in cattle and sheep together with the spread of chronic wasting disease in cervids renders the understanding of the species barrier critical. This constitutes a third threat not properly envisioned previously that could deeply modify the European approach to prion diseases.<br /><br />Fourth threat<br /><br />Prion infectivity has now been detected in blood, urine and milk and this has potential consequences on risk assessments for the environment and food as well as for contamination of surfaces including medical instruments. Furthermore the procedures recommended for decontamination of MBM (Meat and Bone Meal), which are based on older methodologies not designed for this purpose, have turned out to be of very limited efficacy and compromise current policies concerning the reuse of these high value protein supplements (cross-contamination of feed circuits are difficult to control). It should be noted that the destruction or very limited use of MBM is estimated to still cost 1 billion euros per year to the European economy,<br /><br />whereas other countries, including the US,<br /><br />Brazil, and Argentine do not have these constraints.<br /><br />However, many uncertainties remain concerning the guarantees that can be reasonably provided for food and feed safety and scientific knowledge about the causative agents (prions) will continue to evolve. This decontamination and environmental issue is a fourth threat that could modify deeply the European approach to prion diseases.<br /><br />Fifth threat The precise nature of prions remains elusive. Very recent data indicate that abnormal prion protein (PrPTSE) can be generated from the brains of normal animals, and under some conditions (including contaminated waste water) PrPTSE can be destroyed whereas the BSE infectious titre remains almost unchanged, a finding that underlines the possibility of having BSE without any detectable diagnostic marker. These are just two areas of our incomplete knowledge of the fundamental biology of prions which constitute a fifth threat to the European approach to prion diseases.<br /><br />Sixth threat The absence of common methods and standardisation in the evaluation of multiple in vivo models with different prion strains and different transgenic mice expressing PrP from different species (different genotypes of cattle, sheep, cervids, etc) renders a complete and comprehensive analysis of all the data generated by the different scientific groups almost impossible. This deeply impairs risk assessment. Moreover, the possibility of generating PrPTSE de novo with new powerful techniques has raised serious questions about their appropriateness for use as blood screening tests. The confusion about an incorrect interpretation of positive results obtained by these methods constitutes a sixth threat to European approach to prion diseases.<br /><br />Seventh Threat The detection of new or re-emerging prion diseases in animals or humans which could lead to a new crisis in consumer confidence over the relaxation of precautionary measures and surveillance programmes constitutes a seventh threat that could modify the European approach to prion diseases.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/en/np-neuroprion.html">http://www.neuroprion.org/en/np-neuroprion.html</a><br /><br /><br />Research Lead: Dr. David Westaway, University of Alberta<br /><br />Project:<br /><br />"Extending the spectrum of Prionopathies to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Autism"<br /><br />This project proposes to link the chemistry of the prion protein to the new territory of other nervous system diseases, such as ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) and the socialization disorder autism-diseases which are at least one thousand times more common than prion diseases. It is believed that a different type or prion protein may operate in other types of brain diseases, which could lead to new ways of thinking about incurable disorders. The project will create changes in the amounts of the various forms of the new membrane protein, and then perform an array of analyses on the behavior and nervous system transmission of laboratory mice. Nervous transmission by electrical impulse can be measured in isolated brain cells, a system that is also convenient to study the effect of stress by adding small amounts of toxins to the fluids bathing the cultures. By these means, the project aims to extend the boundaries of what is considered "prion disease."<br /><br />Funding: $520,500<br /><br /><a href="http://www.prioninstitute.ca/index.php?page=webpages&menucat=42&id=26&action=displaypage&side=1">http://www.prioninstitute.ca/index.php?page=webpages&menucat=42&id=26&action=displaypage&side=1</a><br /><br /><br />Unfolding the Prion Mystery Building and Growing Research Expertise in Alberta Year 4 2008-2009<br /><br />Annual Report<br /><br />Dr. David Westaway, University of Alberta Extending the spectrum of prionopathies to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and autism Dr. Westaway’s study aims to extend the boundaries of what is considered prion disease. His project takes the chemistry of the prion protein into the territory of nervous system diseases such as ALS (Lou Gehrig’s disease) and socialization disorder diseases such as autism. These brain diseases are at least 1,000 times more common than diseases currently accepted as prion related. Dr. Westaway hypothesizes that a different type of protein misfolding may operate in brain diseases such as Lou Gehrig’s and autism. This type of protein misfolding may occur in response to stresses in the brain. Unlike misfolded prions, other misfolded proteins may be noninfectious and not viable outside of the affected animal. Dr. Westaway’s research team will investigate these hypotheses by inducing changes in the brain cells of laboratory mice, measuring the resulting electrical impulses in the animals’ nervous systems and analyzing the effect on behaviour. Because nervous transmission by electrical impulse can be measured in isolated brain cells, adding small amounts of toxins to the fluids bathing the cell cultures will make it possible to study the effect of stress. The results could lead to new ways of thinking about nervous system disorders.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.prioninstitute.ca/forms/WEBSITE%20AR.pdf">http://www.prioninstitute.ca/forms/WEBSITE%20AR.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />102 Causes of Death and Neuropathology in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Medical Examiner<br /><br />Perspective<br /><br />Kenneth Hutchins1, Mariana Nunez2, Carol Petito2. 1Miami Dade County Medical Examiner Department; 2University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology<br /><br />Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by abnormalities in how patients relate to and communicate with others and their environment. It develops in as many as 1 in 150 children and may be associated with co-morbid disorders including seizures and mental retardation. Because ASD reduces life expectancies, we reviewed autopsy records of 22 consecutive cases from two south Florida Medical Examiner Departments over a 10 year period and correlated cause of death (COD) with clinical history and neuropathology. Patient ages averaged 18±11 yrs and ranged from 3-51 years; 16 were male and 11 were children <18 yrs. 13 were white and 9 were black. Associated disorders included seizures in 6, mental retardation in 2 and one each with Down Syndrome (DS) or schizophrenia. 73% of cases had ASD-related CODs that included accidental drowning in 5, seizures in 4, asphyxia or adverse drug reactions in 3 each, and suicide in 2. Non-ASD CODs included infections (2), passengers in car accidents (2) and coronary artery disease. 5 of 11 children suffered accidental drowning in lakes or ponds, 2 had seizures and one each suffered an adverse drug reaction, MVA, food aspiration or infection. The average brain weight of the adults between 18 and 51 yrs. was 1266±130 g, exclusive of three with brain edema, and of children between 6 and 12 yrs. was 1344±93 g. Pathology changes included gyral pattern of DS, microcephaly, hippocampal or cerebellar atrophy, acute meningitis and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. These results are consistent with prior studies showing that common CODs in this patient population are seizures and accidents such as asphyxia and drowning. They suggest that drowning and suicide in ASD patients are age-related whereas seizure-related deaths are not. We also found a trend for decreased brain weight in adults with ASD as compared with children with ASD.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://journals.lww.com/jneuropath/Fulltext/2010/05000/American_Association_of_Neuropathologists,_Inc__.9.aspx">http://journals.lww.com/jneuropath/Fulltext/2010/05000/American_Association_of_Neuropathologists,_Inc__.9.aspx</a><br /><br /><br />Are some commoner types of neurodegenerative disease (including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) also transmissible?<br /><br />Some recent scientific research has suggested this possibility Could cases of protease sensitive prionopathy (PSP) be missed by conventional tests which, in all other TSEs, rely on the resistance of the prion protein in the nervous system that accompanies disease to digestion by protease enzymes? Can we develop reliable methods for removing and detecting protein on re-usable surgical instruments?<br /><br />SNIP... FULL TEXT ;<br /><br /><br />Monday, October 12, 2009<br /><br /><br />SEAC Science and Technology Committee's investigation of research funding priorities on behalf of the Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens TSE 8 October 2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/seac-science-and-technology-committees.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/seac-science-and-technology-committees.html</a><br /><br /><br />Sunday, July 18, 2010<br /><br /><br />Alzheimer's Assocition International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease (updated diagnostic criteria) 2010 July 10 - 15 Honolulu, Hawaii<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2010/07/alzheimers-assocition-international.html">http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2010/07/alzheimers-assocition-international.html</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/">http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/</a><br /><br /><br />Saturday, April 24, 2010<br /><br />New connection between Alzheimer’s and prionic illnesses discovered<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2010/04/new-connection-between-alzheimers-and.html">http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2010/04/new-connection-between-alzheimers-and.html</a><br /><br /><br />National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined1 (July 31, 2010)<br /><br />(please see video at the bottom of this url...tss)<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/national-prion-disease-pathology.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, August 03, 2010<br /><br /><br />Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy: A new sporadic disease of the prion protein<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html</a><br /><br /><br />Monday, August 9, 2010<br /><br /><br />Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy: A new sporadic disease of the prion protein or just more Prionbaloney ?<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />ALABAMA MAD COW g-h-BSEalabama<br /><br /><br />In this study, we identified a novel mutation in the bovine prion protein gene (Prnp), called E211K, of a confirmed BSE positive cow from Alabama, United States of America. This mutation is identical to the E200K pathogenic mutation found in humans with a genetic form of CJD. This finding represents the first report of a confirmed case of BSE with a potential pathogenic mutation within the bovine Prnp gene. We hypothesize that the bovine Prnp E211K mutation most likely has caused BSE in "the approximately 10-year-old cow" carrying the E221K mutation.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156</a><br /><br /><br />please see full text ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, August 11, 2010<br /><br /><br />Heterozygosity at Polymorphic Codon 219 in Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Vol. 67 No. 8, August 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/heterozygosity-at-polymorphic-codon-219.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/heterozygosity-at-polymorphic-codon-219.html</a><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, March 31, 2010<br /><br /><br />Atypical BSE in Cattle<br /><br /><br />To date the OIE/WAHO assumes that the human and animal health standards set out in the BSE chapter for classical BSE (C-Type) applies to all forms of BSE which include the H-type and L-type atypical forms. This assumption is scientifically not completely justified and accumulating evidence suggests that this may in fact not be the case. Molecular characterization and the spatial distribution pattern of histopathologic lesions and immunohistochemistry (IHC) signals are used to identify and characterize atypical BSE. Both the L-type and H-type atypical cases display significant differences in the conformation and spatial accumulation of the disease associated prion protein (PrPSc) in brains of afflicted cattle. Transmission studies in bovine transgenic and wild type mouse models support that the atypical BSE types might be unique strains because they have different incubation times and lesion profiles when compared to C-type BSE. When L-type BSE was inoculated into ovine transgenic mice and Syrian hamster the resulting molecular fingerprint had changed, either in the first or a subsequent passage, from L-type into C-type BSE. In addition, non-human primates are specifically susceptible for atypical BSE as demonstrated by an approximately 50% shortened incubation time for L-type BSE as compared to C-type. Considering the current scientific information available, it cannot be assumed that these different BSE types pose the same human health risks as C-type BSE or that these risks are mitigated by the same protective measures. This study will contribute to a correct definition of specified risk material (SRM) in atypical BSE. The incumbent of this position will develop new and transfer existing, ultra-sensitive methods for the detection of atypical BSE in tissue of experimentally infected cattle.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=5&dt=293380&app=93&cat1=387&tp=20&lk=no&cat2">http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=5&dt=293380&app=93&cat1=387&tp=20&lk=no&cat2</a><br /><br /><br />SEE FULL TEXT ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/03/atypical-bse-in-cattle-position-post.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/03/atypical-bse-in-cattle-position-post.html</a><br /><br /><br />Monday, June 14, 2010<br /><br /><br />A molecular switch controls interspecies prion disease transmission in mice<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/06/molecular-switch-controls-interspecies.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/06/molecular-switch-controls-interspecies.html</a><br /><br /><br />Thursday, June 03, 2010<br /><br /><br />Prion Strain Mutation and Selection John Collinge<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/06/prion-strain-mutation-and-selection.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/06/prion-strain-mutation-and-selection.html</a><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, March 3, 2010<br /><br /><br />NOR-98 ATYPICAL SCRAPIE USA 4 CASES DETECTED JANUARY 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/03/nor-98-atypical-scrapie-usa-4-cases.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/03/nor-98-atypical-scrapie-usa-4-cases.html</a><br /><br /><br />Saturday, June 5, 2010 Research Project: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies: Identification of atypical scrapie in Canadian sheep<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/06/research-project-transmissible.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/06/research-project-transmissible.html</a><br /><br /><br />Sunday, April 18, 2010<br /><br /><br />SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION STUDIES A REVIEW 2010<br /><br /><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, March 3, 2010 NOR-98 ATYPICAL SCRAPIE USA 4 CASES DETECTED JANUARY 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/03/nor-98-atypical-scrapie-usa-4-cases.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2010/03/nor-98-atypical-scrapie-usa-4-cases.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />hmmm, this is getting interesting now...<br /><br /><br /><br />Sporadic CJD type 1 and atypical/ Nor98 scrapie are characterized by fine (reticular) deposits, see also ;<br /><br />All of the Heidenhain variants were of the methionine/ methionine type 1 molecular subtype.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://cjdusa.blogspot.com/2009/09/co-existence-of-scrapie-prion-protein.html">http://cjdusa.blogspot.com/2009/09/co-existence-of-scrapie-prion-protein.html</a><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, July 29, 2008<br /><br /><br />Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease Case Report<br /><br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><br />Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease autopsy case report<br /><br />'MOM'<br /><br /><br />DIVISION OF NEUROPATHOLOGY University of Texas Medical Branch 114 McCullough Bldg. Galveston, Texas 77555-0785 FAX COVER SHEET DATE: 4-23-98 TO: Mr. Terry Singeltary @ -------<br /><br />FROM: Gerald Campbell FAX: (409) 772-5315 PHONE: (409) 772-2881 Number of Pages (including cover sheet): Message: *CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE* This document accompanying this transmission contains confidential information belonging to the sender that is legally privileged. This information is intended only for the use of the individual or entry names above. If you are not the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any disclosure, copying distribution, or the taking of any action in reliances on the contents of this telefaxed information is strictly prohibited. If you received this telefax in error, please notify us by telephone immediately to arrange for return of the original documents.<br /><br />--------------------------<br /><br />Patient Account: 90000014-518 Med. Rec. No.: (0160)118511Q Patient Name: POULTER, BARBARA Age: 63 YRS DOB: 10/17/34 Sex: F Admitting Race: C Attending Dr.: Date / Time Admitted : 12/14/97 1228 Copies to: UTMB University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas 77555-0543 (409) 772-1238 Fax (409) 772-5683 Pathology Report FINAL AUTOPSY DIAGNOSIS Autopsy' Office (409)772-2858 Autopsy NO.: AU-97-00435 AUTOPSY INFORMATION: Occupation: Unknown Birthplace: Unknown Residence: Crystal Beach Date/Time of Death: 12/14/97 13:30 Date/Time of Autopsy: 12/15/97 15:00 Pathologist/Resident: Pencil/Fernandez Service: Private Restriction: Brain only FINAL AUTOPSY DIAGNOSIS I. Brain: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Heidenhain variant.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />see full text ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2008/07/heidenhain-variant-creutzfeldt-jakob.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2008/07/heidenhain-variant-creutzfeldt-jakob.html</a><br /><br /><br />Monday, December 14, 2009<br /><br /><br />Similarities between Forms of Sheep Scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Are Encoded by Distinct Prion Types<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />LET'S look at the suspect banned mad cow feed for that Alabama mad cow g-h-BSEalabama, and see just how much was out in commerce that i found ;<br /><br /><br /><br />Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;<br /><br />b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;<br /><br />c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;<br /><br />d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6. CODE None<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons DISTRIBUTION AL<br /><br />______________________________<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes, Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons DISTRIBUTION AL and MS<br /><br />______________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;<br /><br />b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;<br /><br />c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;<br /><br />d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;<br /><br />e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;<br /><br />f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;<br /><br />g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6<br /><br />CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br />REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN<br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006 ###<br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a><br /><br /><br />Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006<br /><br />Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST<br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;<br /><br />b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;<br /><br />c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;<br /><br />d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;<br /><br />e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;<br /><br />f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;<br /><br />g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;<br /><br />h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;<br /><br />i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;<br /><br />j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;<br /><br />k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;<br /><br />l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;<br /><br />m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6<br /><br />CODE Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006<br /><br />RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons DISTRIBUTION AL and FL END OF<br /><br /><br />ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006 ###<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67 RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II<br /><br /><br />______________________________<br /><br /><br /><br />PRODUCT<br /><br />a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;<br /><br />b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;<br /><br />c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;<br /><br />d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE a) Bulk b) None c) Bulk d) Bulk RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006.<br /><br />Firm initiated recall is ongoing. REASON Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION Nationwide<br /><br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006 ###<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />THIS is just ONE month report, of TWO recalls of prohibited banned MBM, which is illegal, mixed with 85% blood meal, which is still legal, but yet we know the TSE/BSE agent will transmit blood. we have this l-BSE in North America that is much more virulent and there is much concern with blood issue and l-BSE as there is with nvCJD in humans. some are even starting to be concerned with sporadic CJD and blood, and there are studies showing transmission there as well. ...<br /><br /><br />10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007<br /><br />Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II<br /><br /> ___________________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007 CODE Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.<br /><br /><br />REASON Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 42,090 lbs.<br /><br />DISTRIBUTION WI<br /><br />___________________________________<br /><br /><br />PRODUCT Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007 CODE The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.<br /><br />REASON Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.<br /><br /><br />VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 9,997,976 lbs.<br /><br /><br />DISTRIBUTION ID and NV<br /><br /><br />END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, March 2, 2010<br /><br /><br />Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed/Adulterated/Misbranded Rangen Inc 2/11/10 USA<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-proteins-prohibited-in-ruminant.html</a><br /><br /><br />Monday, March 1, 2010<br /><br /><br />ANIMAL PROTEIN I.E. MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE A REVIEW 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/03/animal-protien-ie-mad-cow-feed-in.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (Submitted question):<br /><br /><br />Monday, April 5, 2010<br /><br /><br />Update on Feed Enforcement Activities to Limit the Spread of BSE April 5, 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-on-feed-enforcement-activities.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-on-feed-enforcement-activities.html</a><br /><br /><br />Friday, April 23, 2010<br /><br /><br />Upcoming BSE Webinar on Thursday, April 22, 2010 a review<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/04/upcoming-bse-webinar-on-thursday-april.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/04/upcoming-bse-webinar-on-thursday-april.html</a><br /><br /><br />Sunday, January 17, 2010<br /><br /><br />BSE USA feed inspection violations 01/01/2009 to 01/17/2010 FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/01/bse-usa-feed-inspection-violations.html</a><br /><br /><br />Friday, January 15, 2010<br /><br /><br />New York Firm Recalls Beef Carcass That Contains Prohibited Materials (BSE)<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-york-firm-recalls-beef-carcass-that.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-york-firm-recalls-beef-carcass-that.html</a><br /><br /><br />Friday, September 4, 2009<br /><br /><br />FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br /><br />Saturday, August 29, 2009<br /><br /><br />FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a><br /><br /><br />C O N F I R M E D<br /><br />----- Original Message -----<br /><br />From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."<br />To:<br />Sent: Thursday, November 05, 2009 9:25 PM<br />Subject: [BSE-L] re-FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009 and Recall # V-256-2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a><br /><br />Thursday, November 12, 2009<br /><br />BSE FEED RECALL Misbranding of product by partial label removal to hide original source of materials 2009<br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/11/bse-feed-recall-misbranding-of-product.html</a><br /><br /><br />Thursday, March 19, 2009<br /><br /><br />MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a><br /><br /><br />CVM Annual Report Fiscal Year 2008: October 1, 2007-September 30, 2008<br /><br />PUTTING LIPSTICK ON A PIG AND TAKING HER TO A DANCE...TSS BSE Feed Rule Enforcement: A Decade of Success OFF TO A FAST START<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a><br /><br /><br />Thursday, April 9, 2009<br /><br /><br />Docket No. FDA2002N0031 (formerly Docket No. 2002N0273) RIN 0910AF46 Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food or Feed; Final Rule: Proposed<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/04/docket-no-fda2002n0031-formerly-docket.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/04/docket-no-fda2002n0031-formerly-docket.html</a><br /><br /><br />O.4.3<br /><br /><br />Spread of BSE prions in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after oral transmission<br /><br /><br />Edgar Holznagel1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Barbara Yutzy1, Gerhard Hunsmann3, Johannes Loewer1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Sera and Vaccines, Germany; 2Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany<br /><br />Background: BSE-infected cynomolgus monkeys represent a relevant animal model to study the pathogenesis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD).<br /><br />Objectives: To study the spread of BSE prions during the asymptomatic phase of infection in a simian animal model.<br /><br />Methods: Orally BSE-dosed macaques (n=10) were sacrificed at defined time points during the incubation period and 7 orally BSE-dosed macaques were sacrificed after the onset of clinical signs. Neuronal and non-neuronal tissues were tested for the presence of proteinase-K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) by western immunoblot and by paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blot technique.<br /><br />Results: In clinically diseased macaques (5 years p.i. + 6 mo.), PrPres deposits were widely spread in neuronal tissues (including the peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) and in lymphoid tissues including tonsils. In asymptomatic disease carriers, PrPres deposits could be detected in intestinal lymph nodes as early as 1 year p.i., but CNS tissues were negative until 3 – 4 years p.i. Lumbal/sacral segments of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata were PrPres positive as early as 4.1 years p.i., whereas sympathetic trunk and all thoracic/cervical segments of the spinal cord were still negative for PrPres. However, tonsil samples were negative in all asymptomatic cases.<br /><br />Discussion: There is evidence for an early spread of BSE to the CNS via autonomic fibres of the splanchnic and vagus nerves indicating that trans-synaptical spread may be a time-limiting factor for neuroinvasion. Tonsils were predominantly negative during the main part of the incubation period indicating that epidemiological vCJD screening results based on the detection of PrPres in tonsil biopsies may mostly tend to underestimate the prevalence of vCJD among humans.<br /><br /><br /><br />P.4.23<br /><br /><br />Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models<br /><br /><br />Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve University, USA; 2Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University (Previously at USDA National Animal Disease Center), USA<br /><br /><br />Background: Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human infection (variant CJD). Atypical BSE cases have been discovered in three continents since 2004;<br /><br />they include the L-type (also named BASE), the H-type, and the first reported case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PRNP (termed BSE-M). The public health risks posed by atypical BSE were largely undefined.<br /><br /><br />Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice.<br /><br />Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc, symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.<br /><br />Results: Sixty percent of BASE-inoculated humanized mice became infected with minimal spongiosis and an average incubation time of 20-22 months, whereas only one of the C-type BSE-inoculated mice developed prion disease after more than 2 years. Protease-resistant PrPSc in BASE-infected humanized Tg mouse brains was biochemically different from bovine BASE or sCJD. PrPSc was also detected in the spleen of 22% of BASE-infected humanized mice, but not in those infected with sCJD. Secondary transmission of BASE in the humanized mice led to a small reduction in incubation time.<br /><br />The atypical BSE-H strain is also transmissible with distinct phenotypes in the humanized mice, but no BSE-M transmission has been observed so far. Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice. BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice. The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.<br /><br />Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />P03.137<br /><br /><br />Transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus Macaque, a Non-human Primate; Development of Clinical Symptoms and Tissue Distribution of PrPSC<br /><br /><br />Yamakawa, Y1; Ono, F2; Tase, N3; Terao, K3; Tannno, J3; Wada, N4; Tobiume, M5; Sato, Y5; Okemoto-Nakamura, Y1; Hagiwara, K1; Sata, T5 1National Institure of Infectious diseases, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Japan; 2Corporation for Production and Research Laboratory Primates., Japan; 3National Institure of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba Primate Reserch Center, Japan; 4Yamauchi Univ., Veterinary Medicine, Japan; 5National Institure of Infectious diseases, Pathology, Japan<br /><br />Two of three cynomolgus monkeys developed abnormal neuronal behavioral signs at 30-(#7) and 28-(#10) months after intracerebral inoculation of 200ul of 10% brain homogenates of BSE affected cattle (BSE/JP6). Around 30 months post inoculation (mpi), they developed sporadic anorexia and hyperekplexia with squeal against environmental stimulations such as light and sound. Tremor, myoclonic jerk and paralysis became conspicuous during 32 to 33-mpi, and symptoms become worsened according to the disease progression. Finally, one monkey (#7) fell into total paralysis at 36-mpi. This monkey was sacrificed at 10 days after intensive veterinary care including infusion and per oral supply of liquid food. The other monkey (#10) had to grasp the cage bars to keep an upright posture caused by the sever ataxia. This monkey was sacrificed at 35-mpi. EEG of both monkeys showed diffuse slowing. PSD characteristic for sporadic CJD was not observed in both monkeys. The result of forearm movement test showed the hypofunction that was observed at onset of clinical symptoms. Their cognitive function determined by finger maze test was maintained at the early stage of sideration. However, it was rapidly impaired followed by the disease progression. Their autopsied tissues were immunochemically investigated for the tissue distribution of PrPSc. Severe spongiform change in the brain together with heavy accumulation of PrPSc having the type 2B/4 glycoform profile confirmed successful transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus macaques. Granular and linear deposition of PrPSC was detected by IHC in the CNS of both monkeys. At cerebral cortex, PrPSC was prominently accumulated in the large plaques. Sparse accumulation of PrPSc was detected in several peripheral nerves of #7 but not in #10 monkey, upon the WB analysis. Neither #7 nor #10 monkey accumulated detectable amounts of PrPSc in their lymphatic organs such as tonsil, spleen, adrenal grands and thymus although PrPSc was barely detected in the submandibular lymph node of #7 monkey. Such confined tissue distribution of PrPSc after intracerebral infection with BSE agent is not compatible to that reported on the Cynomolgus macaques infected with BSE by oral or intra-venous (intra-peritoneal) routs, in which PrPSc was accumulated at not only CNS but also widely distributed lymphatic tissues.<br /><br /><br />P04.27<br /><br /><br />Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route<br /><br /><br />Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany<br /><br />Background: In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.<br /><br />Aims: The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.<br /><br />Methods: Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).<br /><br />Results: In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.<br /><br />Conclusions: Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.<br /><br />The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study “BSE in primates“ supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows. look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE; Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates<br /><br /><br />Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys<br /><br />Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />BSE bovine brain inoculum 100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%) Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%) RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%) PrPres biochemical detection The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.<br /><br /><br />Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula Published online January 27, 2005<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a><br /><br /><br />It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradleys surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />it is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradleyâs surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, July 28, 2010<br /><br /><br />re-Freedom of Information Act Project Number 3625-32000-086-05, Study of Atypical BSE UPDATE July 28, 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/re-freedom-of-information-act-project.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/re-freedom-of-information-act-project.html</a><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, July 28, 2010<br /><br /><br />Atypical prion proteins and IBNC in cattle DEFRA project code SE1796 FOIA Final report<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/atypical-prion-proteins-and-ibnc-in.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/atypical-prion-proteins-and-ibnc-in.html</a><br /><br /><br />14th ICID International Scientific Exchange Brochure -<br /><br />Final Abstract Number: ISE.114<br /><br />Session: International Scientific Exchange<br /><br /><br />Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009<br /><br />T. Singeltary Bacliff, TX, USA<br /><br />Background: An update on atypical BSE and other TSE in North America. Please remember, the typical U.K. c-BSE, the atypical l-BSE (BASE), and h-BSE have all been documented in North America, along with the typical scrapie's, and atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and to date, 2 different strains of CWD, and also TME. All these TSE in different species have been rendered and fed to food producing animals for humans and animals in North America (TSE in cats and dogs ?), and that the trading of these TSEs via animals and products via the USA and Canada has been immense over the years, decades.<br /><br />Methods: 12 years independent research of available data<br /><br />Results: I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc.<br /><br />Conclusion: I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. Restricting the reporting of CJD and or any human TSE is NOT scientific. Iatrogenic CJD knows NO age group, TSE knows no boundaries. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.<br /><br /><br />see page 114 ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf">http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Wednesday, August 11, 2010<br /><br /><br />REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE SIXTEENTH CASE OF BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) IN CANADA<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/08/report-on-investigation-of-sixteenth.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/08/report-on-investigation-of-sixteenth.html</a><br /><br /><br />IN CONFIDENCE<br /><br />AS implied in the Inset 25 we must not _ASSUME_ that transmission of BSE to other species will invariably present pathology typical of a scrapie-like disease.<br /><br />snip...<br /><br /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102185948/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/01/04004001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102185948/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/01/04004001.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />and ;<br /><br /><br />In Confidence<br /><br />Perceptions of unconventional slow virus diseases of animals in the USA - APRIL-MAY 1989 - G A H Wells<br /><br />3. Prof. A Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs. BSE was not reported in the USA.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br /><br /><br />Monday, October 19, 2009<br /><br /><br />Atypical BSE, BSE, and other human and animal TSE in North America Update October 19, 2009<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/atypical-bse-bse-and-other-human-and.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/atypical-bse-bse-and-other-human-and.html</a><br /><br /><br />Sunday, September 6, 2009 MAD COW USA 1997 [SECRET VIDEO]<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/09/mad-cow-usa-1997-video.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/09/mad-cow-usa-1997-video.html</a><br /><br /><br />U.S.A. HIDING MAD COW DISEASE VICTIMS AS SPORADIC CJD ? [SEE VIDEO at bottom]<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/usa-hiding-mad-cow-disease-victims-as.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/usa-hiding-mad-cow-disease-victims-as.html</a><br /><br /><br />DAMNING TESTIMONY FROM STANLEY PRUSINER THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNER ON PRIONS SPEAKING ABOUT ANN VENEMAN [SEE VIDEO]<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://maddeer.org/video/embedded/prusinerclip.html">http://maddeer.org/video/embedded/prusinerclip.html</a><br /><br /><br />Sunday, April 12, 2009<br /><br /><br />r-calf and the USA mad cow problem, don't look, don't find, and then blame Canada<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2009/04/r-calf-and-usa-mad-cow-problem-dont.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2009/04/r-calf-and-usa-mad-cow-problem-dont.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Archive Number 20100405.1091 Published Date 05-APR-2010 Subject PRO/AH/EDR> Prion disease update 1010 (04)<br /><br />snip...<br /><br />[Terry S. Singeltary Sr. has added the following comment:<br /><br />"According to the World Health Organisation, the future public health threat of vCJD in the UK and Europe and potentially the rest of the world is of concern and currently unquantifiable. However, the possibility of a significant and geographically diverse vCJD epidemic occurring over the next few decades cannot be dismissed.<br /><br />The key word here is diverse. What does diverse mean? If USA scrapie transmitted to USA bovine does not produce pathology as the UK c-BSE, then why would CJD from there look like UK vCJD?"<br /><br /><a href="http://www.promedmail.org/pls/apex/f?p=2400:1001:568933508083034::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000,82101">http://www.promedmail.org/pls/apex/f?p=2400:1001:568933508083034::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000,82101</a><br /><br /><br /><br />> Up until about 6 years ago, the pt worked at Tyson foods where she<br /><br /><br />> worked on the assembly line, slaughtering cattle and preparing them for<br /><br /><br />> packaging. She was exposed to brain and spinal cord matter when she<br /><br /><br />> would euthanize the cattle.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.recordandoalinda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19:cjd-english-info&catid=9:cjd-ingles&Itemid=8">http://www.recordandoalinda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19:cjd-english-info&catid=9:cjd-ingles&Itemid=8</a><br /><br /><br /><br />CJD TEXAS 38 YEAR OLD FEMALE WORKED SLAUGHTERING CATTLE EXPOSED TO BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD MATTER<br /><br /><a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/03/cjd-texas-38-year-old-female-worked.html">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/03/cjd-texas-38-year-old-female-worked.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Monday, April 5, 2010<br /><br />UPDATE - CJD TEXAS 38 YEAR OLD FEMALE WORKED SLAUGHTERING CATTLE EXPOSED TO BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD MATTER<br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-cjd-texas-38-year-old-female.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-cjd-texas-38-year-old-female.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Tuesday, June 1, 2010<br /><br />USA cases of dpCJD rising with 24 cases so far in 2010<br /><br /><a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/06/usa-cases-of-dpcjd-rising-with-24-cases.html">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/06/usa-cases-of-dpcjd-rising-with-24-cases.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Sunday, July 11, 2010<br /><br />CJD or prion disease 2 CASES McLennan County Texas population 230,213 both cases in their 40s<br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/07/cjd-2-cases-mclennan-county-texas.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/07/cjd-2-cases-mclennan-county-texas.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Friday, February 05, 2010<br /><br />New Variant Creutzfelt Jakob Disease case reports United States 2010 A Review<br /><br /><a href="http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2010/02/new-variant-creutzfelt-jakob-disease.html">http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2010/02/new-variant-creutzfelt-jakob-disease.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: Title: HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory Article Type: Personal View Corresponding Author: Mr. Terry S. Singeltary, Corresponding Author's Institution: na First Author: Terry S Singeltary, none Order of Authors: Terry S Singeltary, none; Terry S. Singeltary<br /><br />Abstract: TSEs have been rampant in the USA for decades in many species, and they all have been rendered and fed back to animals for human/animal consumption. I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2007.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf">http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, June 13, 2009<br /><br />Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009<br /><br /><a href="http://cjdusa.blogspot.com/2009/06/monitoring-occurrence-of-emerging-forms.html">http://cjdusa.blogspot.com/2009/06/monitoring-occurrence-of-emerging-forms.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Saturday, January 2, 2010<br /><br />Human Prion Diseases in the United States January 1, 2010 ***FINAL***<br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/01/human-prion-diseases-in-united-states.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/01/human-prion-diseases-in-united-states.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />my comments to PLosone here ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a><br /><br /><br /><br />HOW many of you recieved a written CJD Questionnaire asking real questions pertaining to route and source (and there are many here in North America) ?<br /><br />IS every case getting a cjd questionnaire asking real questions ???<br /><br /><br />Friday, November 30, 2007<br /><br />CJD QUESTIONNAIRE USA CWRU AND CJD FOUNDATION USA PRION UNIT<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://cjdquestionnaire.blogspot.com/">http://cjdquestionnaire.blogspot.com/</a><br /><br /><br /><br />Thursday, August 12, 2010<br /><br />USA Blood products, collected from a donor who was at risk for vCJD, were distributed July-August 2010<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/usa-blood-products-collected-from-donor.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/usa-blood-products-collected-from-donor.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined1 (July 31, 2010)<br /><br /><br />Year Total Referrals2 Prion Disease Sporadic Familial Iatrogenic vCJD<br /><br /><br />1996 & earlier 51 33 28 5 0 0<br /><br /><br />1997 114 68 59 9 0 0<br /><br /><br />1998 88 52 44 7 1 0<br /><br /><br />1999 120 72 64 8 0 0<br /><br /><br />2000 146 103 89 14 0 0<br /><br /><br />2001 209 119 109 10 0 0<br /><br /><br />2002 248 149 125 22 2 0<br /><br /><br />2003 274 176 137 39 0 0<br /><br /><br />2004 325 186 164 21 0 1(3)<br /><br /><br />2005 344 194 157 36 1 0<br /><br /><br />2006 383 197 166 29 0 2(4)<br /><br /><br />2007 377 214 187 27 0 0<br /><br /><br />2008 394 231 204 25 0 0<br /><br /><br />2009 425 259 216 43 0 0<br /><br /><br />2010 204 124 85 20 0 0<br /><br /><br /><br />TOTAL 3702(5) 2177(6) 1834 315 4 3<br /><br /><br />1 Listed based on the year of death or, if not available, on year of referral;<br /><br /><br />2 Cases with suspected prion disease for which brain tissue and/or blood (in familial cases) were submitted;<br /><br /><br />3 Disease acquired in the United Kingdom;<br /><br /><br />4 Disease was acquired in the United Kingdom in one case and in Saudi Arabia in the other case;<br /><br /><br />5 Includes 16 cases in which the diagnosis is pending, and 18 inconclusive cases;<br /><br /><br />6 Includes 21 (19 from 2010) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.cjdsurveillance.com/pdf/case-table.pdf">http://www.cjdsurveillance.com/pdf/case-table.pdf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/national-prion-disease-pathology.html">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />TSSTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0